复杂低空空地无线信道测量与分析

doi:10.12305/j.issn.1001-506X.2024.12.33

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对中小型无人机在复杂低空长距离通信方面的可靠性和有效性亟待提高的问题, 测量、分析了复杂低空场景下均方根时延扩展、莱斯K因子等信道特性, 并建立了相应概率密度函数模型。选取由山体、建筑以及较多树木组成的复杂低空场景, 在2.4 GHz频率下进行了信道实测活动, 并通过大量数据采集与拟合分析得出结论: 信道均方根时延扩展与莱斯K因子的累积分布函数呈正态分布。基于抽头延时线模型和实测数据分析, 构建了适用于复杂低空空地无线信道的模型, 并通过仿真实验证明所提模型可以很好地实现目标信道特性。所得结果为提高中小型无人机在复杂低空长距离中的通信性能提供了有力支持。

关键词: 信道测量, 复杂低空, 均方根时延扩展, 莱斯K因子

Abstract:

In order to improve the reliability and effectiveness of small and medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicle in complex, low-altitude and long-distance communication, the channel characteristics such as root mean square delay spread (RMS-DS) and Rice K factor in complex and low-altitude scenarios are measured and analyzed, and the corresponding probability density function model is established. A complex and low-altitude scene composed of mountains, buildings and many trees is selected, and real channel measurement activities at 2.4 GHz frequency are conducted. Through a large number of data acquisition and fitting analysis, we conclude that the channel's RMS-DS is normally distributed with the cumulative distribution function of Rice K factor. Based on the tapped delay line (TDL) model and the analysis of measured data, a model suitable for complex and low-altitude air-to-ground wireless channel is constructed, and the simulation result proves that the proposed model can achieve the target channel characteristics well. The results provide a strong support for improving the performance of small and medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicle in complex, low-altitude and long-distance communication.

Key words: channel measurement, complex and low-altitude, root mean square delay spread (RMS-DS), Rice K factor

中图分类号:

TN929.5

于坤灿, 向新, 董鹏宇, 王鹏. 复杂低空空地无线信道测量与分析[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2024, 46(12): 4238-4247.

Kuncan YU, Xin XIANG, Pengyu DONG, Peng WANG. Measurement and analysis of complex low-altitude air-to-ground wireless channel[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2024, 46(12): 4238-4247.

图/表 21

表1

图1

图2

图3

表2

表3

表4

表5

图4

表6

表7

表8

表9

图5

表10

表11

表12

表13

表14

图6

图7

参考文献 31

1	朱超磊, 金钰, 王靖娴, 等. 2022年国外军用无人机装备技术发展综述[J]. 战术导弹技术, 2023, (3): 11-25, 31.
	ZHU C L , JIN Y , WANG J X , et al. Overview of foreign military UAV equipment technology development in 2022[J]. Tactical Missile Technology, 2023, (3): 11-25, 31.
2	孟繁和, 尹沫洋, 吕潭, 等. 交通指挥中心无人机远程控制台设计[J]. 数字技术与应用, 2022, 40 (6): 182- 185.
	MENG F H , YIN M Y , LYU T , et al. Design of remote control console of UAV in traffic command center[J]. Digital Technology and Application, 2022, 40 (6): 182- 185.
3	冯杨, 蒋超, 崔玉伟. 俄乌冲突中无人机作战运用及启示[J]. 中国军转民, 2022, (23): 35- 40.
	FENG Y , JIANG C , CUI Y W . The application and enlightenment of UAV combat in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine[J]. China's Military Transformation to Civilian, 2022, (23): 35- 40.
4	MAO K , ZHU Q M , SONG M Z , et al. Machine learning-based 3D channel modeling for U2V mm wave communications[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022, 9 (18): 17592- 17607. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3155773
5	石潇竹. 低空空域地空通信保障发展建议[J]. 指挥信息系统与技术, 2010, 1 (2): 10-13, 18.
	SHI X Z . Suggestion on ground-air communication support for low-altitude airspeace[J]. Command Information Systems and Technology, 2010, 1 (2): 10-13, 18.
6	WANG C X , HUANG J , WANG H M , et al. 6G wireless channel measurements and models: trends and challenges[J]. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 2020, 15 (4): 22- 32. doi: 10.1109/MVT.2020.3018436
7	CHENG X , WANG C X , AI B , et al. Envelope level crossing rate and average fade duration of nonisotropic vehicle-to-vehicle ricean fading channels[J]. IEEE Trans.on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2014, 15 (1): 62- 72. doi: 10.1109/TITS.2013.2274618
8	JIANF H , ZHANG Z C , GUI G . Three-dimensional non-stationary wideband geometry-based UAV channel model for A2G communication environments[J]. IEEE Access, 2019, 7, 26116- 26122. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2897431
9	MARVASTI E E , GANI S M , FALLAH Y P . A statistical approach toward channel modeling with application to large-scale censored data[J]. IEEE Trans.on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2022, 23 (5): 4267- 4278. doi: 10.1109/TITS.2020.3043151
10	CAI X S , IZYDORCAYK T , RODRIGUEZ P J , et al. Empirical low-altitude air-to-ground spatial channel characterization for cellular networks connectivity[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2021, 39 (10): 2975- 2991. doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2021.3088715
11	LIU T Y , ZHANG Z C , JIANG H , et al. Measurement-based characterization and modeling for low-altitude UAV air-to-air channels[J]. IEEE Access, 2019, 7, 98832- 98840. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2929955
12	MA Z F , AI B , HE R S , et al. Modeling and analysis of MIMO multipath channels with aerial intelligent reflecting surface[J]. IEEE Trans.on Selected Areas in Communications, 2022, 40 (10): 3027- 3040. doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2022.3196112
13	ZHU Q M , MAO K , SONG M Z , et al. Map-based channel modeling and generation for U2V mmwave communication[J]. IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology, 2022, 71 (8): 8004- 8015. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2022.3174404
14	LING C, LOSCHONSKY M, REINDL L M. Characterization of delay spread for mobile radio communications under collapsed buildings[C]//Proc. of the Indoor & Mobile Radio Communications, 2010: 329-334.
15	刘洋, 吕文俊, 朱洪波. 室内楼梯环境2.6 GHz频段传播特性测试与建模[J]. 南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 34 (6): 28- 33.
	LIU Y , LYU W J , ZHU H B . Measurement and modeling of radio propagation characteristics in indoor stair environment at 2.6 GHz band[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications (Natural Science Edition), 2014, 34 (6): 28- 33.
16	孟娟, 洪利, 韩智明, 等. 废墟环境2.4 GHz无线信道测量与时延扩展研究[J]. 重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 31 (5): 674- 680.
	MENG J , HONG L , HAN Z M , et al. Channel measurement and delay spread for 2.4 GHz radio channel in ruins environment[J]. Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications (Natural Science Edition), 2019, 31 (5): 674- 680.
17	MATOLAK D W , SUN R . Air-ground channel characterization for unmanned aircraft systems part Ⅰ: methods, measurements, and models for over-water settings[J]. IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology, 2017, 66 (1): 26- 44. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2016.2530306
18	SUN R Y , MATOLAK D W . Air-ground channel characterization for unmanned aircraft systems part Ⅱ: hilly & mountainous settings[J]. IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology, 2017, 66 (3): 1913- 1925. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2016.2585504
19	DAVID W , MATOLAK , SUN R . Air-ground channel characterization for unmanned aircraft systems part Ⅲ: the suburban and near-urban environments[J]. IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology, 2017, 66 (8): 6607- 6618. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2017.2659651
20	于坤灿, 向新, 王鹏, 等. 低空无线信道小尺度衰落特性研究[J]. 空军工程大学学报, 2023, 24 (5): 95- 101.
	YU K C , XIANG X , WANG P , et al. Research on small-scale fading characteristics of low altitude wireless channels[J]. Journal of Air Force Engineering University, 2023, 24 (5): 95- 101.
21	YANG Z, ZHOU L, ZHAO G Y, et al. Channel model in the urban environment for unmanned aerial vehicle communications[C]// Proc. of the 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 2018.
22	孙晶晶. A2G和A2A场景下的无人机信道建模与统计特性研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆邮电大学, 2022.
	SUN J J. Research on channel modeling and statistical characteristics of UAVs in A2G and A2A scenarios[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2022.
23	HE D P , GUAN K E , FRICKE A , et al. Stochastic channel modeling for kiosk applications in the Terahertz band[J]. IEEE Trans.on Terahertz Science and Technology, 2017, 7 (5): 502- 513. doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2017.2720962
24	JIN K, CHENG X, GE X H, et al. Three dimensional modeling and space time correlation for UAV channels[C]//Proc. of the IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2017.
25	KHUWAJA A A , CHEN Y F , ZHAO N , et al. A survey of channel modeling for UAV communications[J]. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2018, 20 (4): 2804- 2821.
26	HASSAN N , KAESKE M , SCHNEIDER C , et al. Measurement based determination of parameters for non-stationary TDL models with reduced number of taps[J]. IET Microwaves Antennas & Propagation, 2020, 14 (2): 1719- 1732.
27	AMORIM R , NGUYEN H , MOGENSEN P , et al. Radio channel modeling for UAV communication over cellular networks[J]. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 2017, 6 (4): 514- 517. doi: 10.1109/LWC.2017.2710045
28	SHEIKH M U, JANTTI R, HAMALAINEN J. Impact of interference suppression under ray tracing and 3GPP street Canyon model[C]//Proc. of the IEEE 91st Vehicular Technology Conference, 2020.
29	HUANG J , WANG C X , YANG Y , et al. Channel measurements and modeling for 400-600 MHz bands in urban and suburban scenarios[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2021, 8 (7): 5531- 5543. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2020.3032615
30	ZHOU T , TAO C , SALOUS S N , et al. Measurements and analysis of short-term fading behavior in high-speed railway communication networks[J]. IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technology, 2019, 68 (1): 101- 112. doi: 10.1109/TVT.2018.2883120
31	李永成, 王满喜, 耿利飞. 室外无线通信信道测试及其传播特性分析[J]. 现代电子技术, 2014, 37 (9): 26- 29.
	LI Y C , WANG M X , GENG L F . Outdoor wireless communication channel test and propagation characteristics analysis[J]. Modern Electronic Technology, 2014, 37 (9): 26- 29.

参数	设置值
中心频率/GHZ	2.4
符号速率/M	9.8
符号间隔/ns	102.00
信号带宽/MHz	13.72
采样率/MHz	29.40

多径个数	距离/km
多径个数	2.5	4.5	5.4
1	0.10	15.20	0.60
2	2.60	62.50	11.50
3	25.90	22.30	20.50
4	30.80	0.00	23.50
5	11.60	0.00	18.90
6	9.10	0.00	10.30
7	4.70	0.00	5.80
8	3.60	0.00	3.70
9	2.60	0.00	2.70
10	2.60	0.00	0.70
11	1.50	0.00	0.70
12	1.90	0.00	0.60
13	1.90	0.00	0.30
14	0.60	0.00	0.10
15	0.40	0.00	0.10
16	0.10	0.00	0.00

第i径(i=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)	归一化幅值/dB	时延/ns	分布
1	1	0	莱斯分布
2	0.053 9	102	瑞利分布
3	0.012 4	816	瑞利分布
4	0.012 6	1 734	瑞利分布
5	0.010 6	5 304	瑞利分布
6	0.014 8	5 712	瑞利分布

第i径(i=1, 2, 3)	归一化幅值/dB	时延/ns	分布
1	1	0	莱斯分布
2	0.038 6	102	瑞利分布
3	0.011 4	204	瑞利分布

第i径(i=1, 2, 3, 4)	归一化幅值/dB	时延/ns	分布
1	1	0	莱斯分布
2	0.047 9	102	瑞利分布
3	0.112	1 122	瑞利分布
4	0.016 2	8 976	瑞利分布